Ph.D., Distinguished University Professor, University of Maryland, College Park. Founding Director of the Minorities at Risk project (referred to in Peoples versus States: Minorities at Risk in the New Century (United States Institute of Peace, 2000). President of the International Studies Association (1993–1994), Holder of Swedish government’s Olof Palme Visiting Professorship, University of Uppsala (1996–1997). Senior consultant to the U.S. government’s State Failure Task Force (1994–2000). Awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Sofia, Bulgaria (2002).

Publications include: numerous books and monographs including the award-winning Why Men Rebel (1970), Peace and Conflict (2003), A Global Survey of Armed Conflicts, Self-determination Movements, and Democracy (Center for International Development and Conflict Management, 2001), with Monty G. Marshall.